Battle Tiers

Matchmaking Chart v0.7.4

Battles can take place in thirteen possible different battle tiers. Each vehicle, depending on its performance, is assigned a certain subset of these battle tiers that it is supposed to fight in.

The matchmaking chart shows which vehicle belongs to which battle tier. An English version can always be found here. It sometimes takes Wargaming a while to update it after patches, in this case you can refer to the Russian version, which is usually updated much faster.

The selection of the battle tier you fight in depends on the amount of players available for each battle tier and is otherwise random.

Players often confuse battle tiers and their vehicle's tier. The two are unrelated. Vehicle tiers are irrelevant for matchmaking. The match maker does not try to match vehicles by vehicle tier. For example, a T92 SPG may be vehicle tier 8, but it is assigned to battle tiers 12 and 13 only, which is out of reach of tier 8 mediums, despite being of the same vehicle tier.

To see which battle tiers a vehicle can fight in, find it on the left side of the chart. If it is not listed as an exception at the bottom left, the default rules above apply. Take, for example, an MS-1. No special rule, thus we go find the row for Vehicle Tier 1, Light Tank, and see to the right that this vehicle can fight in battle tiers 1 and 2. Scrolling down, we see that nothing except tier 1 light tanks can fight in battle tier 1. For battle tier 2, we see that the MS-1 can meet tier 2 light and medium tanks as well as the T2 light tank listed at the bottom.

Vehicle Weight

Once enough candidates for a certain battle tier are found, the matchmaker tries two form two teams from them. For this purpose each vehicle is assigned a certain weight, and the maker-maker tries to keep the weight of both teams as equal as possible. Weighting is performed by vehicle tier and vehicle type, some vehicles are individually weighted, and for some vehicles there are special restrictions.

Below are the rules for game version 0.7.4:

• Weight by Vehicle Tier is applied as follows:
  • Tier 10: 100
  • Tier 9: 60
  • Tier 8: 40
  • Tier 7: 27
  • Tier 6: 18
  • Tier 5: 12
  • Tier 4: 8
  • Tier 3: 5
  • Tier 2: 3
  • Tier 1: 2

• Weight by Vehicle Type is applied as follows:
  • All heavy tanks receive 45% extra weight.
  • All SPGs receive 20% extra weight.

• Individual Weights:
  • Tier 9 medium tanks receive 45% extra weight.
  • Tier 8 and 9 tank destroyers receive 45% extra weight.
  • The AMX 13 90 is weighted at 38 points, i.e. slightly less than a tier 8 tank.
  • T-50-2, VK2801 and Chaffee are weighted like tier 6 tanks.
  • The PzKpfw 38H735 (f) "Hotchkiss" is a tier 2 tank with 233% extra weight, with 7 points it is weighted close to a tier 4 tank, but it is in the same battle tier as other tier 2 light tanks.

• Special Restrictions
  • The number of SPGs in both teams cannot differ by more than 1. This includes the possibility of one team having no SPG and the other having 1.
  • The total weight of the SPGs on each team cannot differ by more than 25%.
  • The total weight of the top tier vehicles on each team cannot differ by more than 25%.
  • It seems in general the weight of the teams does not differ by more than 10%, but whether there is fixed limit is unclear.
  • Currently there are no other restrictions in effect.

Vehicle Tier

Vehicle tier is NOT taken into consideration when balancing teams. This is a common misconception among players. For example, under the current rules a tier 8 medium can be matched against a tier 7 heavy tank. The tier 8 medium has a matchmaking weight of 40 and the tier 7 heavy tank has a matchmaking weight of 39.15, i.e. nearly the same. The only relevance of vehicle tier is to determine the battle tier.

Platoons

IMPORTANT: If you are in a platoon, the entire platoon is placed into battles according to the platoon member in the vehicle with the highest battle tier. This can produce unwanted results in particular for new players at the lower tiers. For example, a tier 3 SPG can join battles up to battle tier 8, where you will meet up to tier 7 tanks, whereas a tier 3 medium tank on its own can only join battles up to battle tier 6, which includes at most tier 5 tanks. If those two platoon together the SPG will pull the medium tank up into its battle tier, where the tier 3 medium will be hopelessly outclassed. Please take this into account when forming platoons.

A special case of this is when you see a top tier tank platooned with one or two tier 1 tank. This is sometimes done on purpose. If you look above, a tier 10 heavy tank weighs 145 points, whereas a tier 1 tank weighs only 2. Thus the platoon's team a priori has a massive point deficit, which the match-maker will balance out by either dragging more lower tier tanks into the enemy team or by dragging more high tier tanks into the platoon's team. The tactic is frowned upon but permissible. It has become rare these days, likely because the success chances are mediocre. With two tier 1 tanks the team is missing 13.3% of its team that could play a useful role during the battle, whereas the only useful contribution the tier 1 tanks can make is sneak into the enemy cap.

Apart from these considerations, platoons play no role in matchmaking, the matchmaker does not balance the number of platoons nor do platooned tanks receive special weight anymore.

Map Restrictions

Standard Battles in battle tiers 1 and 2 take place on a limited subset of the available maps only. This is done to allow new players to familiarize themselves with these smaller maps while they learn the basics of the game. Also except for Karelia these are the smallest/most compact maps in the game, better suited for the very limited low tier tanks.

Battle Tiers 1 and 2 fight on these maps:

• Malinovka
• Himmelsdorf
• Mines
• Province

Battle Tier 3 additionally fights on these maps:

• Karelia
• Prokhorovka
• Ensk

All other battle tiers should get a random map distribution, but technical reasons relating to the allocation of server resources cause the three maps above to be the most commonly played maps for all tiers. For as yet unknown reasons also the distribution of other maps does not appear truly random. Sometimes the frequency of newly introduced maps is specifically increased by Wargaming. See this forum thread for more details on actual map distribution in random battles.

The following maps are not available in random battles:

• Komarin
• Swamp
• Province (for battle tiers 3 and higher)

The performance of your tank depends directly on the qualification of its crew. Each crew member is fulfilling one or several roles in your tank and the performance of your tank in those areas depends on their effective primary skill levels. For example, reload time depends on the loader's skill. Since the commander provides 10% of his own skill level as a bonus to each crew member, he is also relevant for every stat of your tank. If you have more than one crew member responsible for the same stat (e.g. two loaders), then the average of their effective skill levels will be used to calculate the effective stat. Refer to the Crew page about for more details about which crew member affects which stat of your tank.

How tank stats are calculated

The stats of your tank as they are shown in the garage or in the tech trees, i.e. the nominal stats, do not necessarily represent your tank's actual performance. In game versions up to 0.7.1.1, they were calculated based on a hypothetical 133.33% effective primary crew skill, which cannot be reached in game. Game version 0.7.2 introduced a change to how the stats are displayed, now they are shown based on 100% effective primary crew skill. However, since all skill modifiers, even the commander's bonus, are ignored, most stats will continue to differ from what is displayed even if you happen to have a 100% crew.

You tank's actual performance for each stat can be calculated based on the effective skill levels of those crew members which are responsible for the operation of that part of the tank, using one of the following two formulae:

A degressive stat is, for example, your aiming time, which becomes shorter as your gunner's skill level increases. A progressive stat is, for example, your view range, which increases as your commander's skill level increases.

Note that only stats that depend on actual crew interaction are affected by crew skill. Your tank will not get thicker armour or become heavier with more experienced crew. Also while a better loader will make your gun reload faster, he will not influence the speed with which automatic cannons or automatic loading guns fire the shells in their magazines, because shells from the magazines are chambered automatically. The loader does come back into play when reloading the magazines, however.

Note further that the values displayed in game are just approximations because the actual values are either rounded to the nearest integer or only the integer part is shown without any rounding. This is not only inconsistent, but also means that since 0.7.2 you can unfortunately only calculate an approximation of your effective stats based on what is shown in game.

Increasing Stats past 100% primary crew skill

Apart from advancing your crew's major qualification to 100% skill level, you can advance your tank's performance further as follows:

Bonus to Tank Stats

• Certain skills and perks provide bonuses to specific tank stats.
• You can buy equipment for credits that gives a direct bonus to specific tank stats. For example, Coated Optics provide a 10% bonus to view range, and a Gun Rammer provides 10% bonus to reload time.
• There are also credit or gold bought consumables that provide a bonus to engine power and turret traverse.

Bonus to Crew Skills

• Brothers in Arms is a perk that increases every skill level of every crew member by 5 as long as it is active for all crew members.
• Improved Ventilation is a credit bought equipment for close-topped tanks only that increases the skill level of the primary skill and non-role specific secondary skills of every crew member by 5, i.e. effectively +5 for the commander and +5.5 for his crew. This bonus is displayed in your garage screen when you mouse over each crew member, but the displayed numbers are rounded to the nearest integer.
• Chocolate/Rations/Cola/Coffee are gold bought consumables that equally increase every skill level of every crew member, but by 10, i.e. effectively +10 for the commander and +11 for his crew. This bonus is not displayed in your garage screen.

Examples

Let's go through a few examples to make it clearer or confuse you more, as the case may be. Hopefully you like math!

Easy example

The entire crew of your stock Leichttraktor is at 50% primary skill level. What is your view range?

• The garage stat shown for view range is 262m
• Note that actual view range is 262.5m, but the decimals are not shown in game, so your calculations will unfortunately never be quite exact. The following examples are based on the values actually available to you.
• Responsible for view range is the commander. He has an effective skill level of 50%.
• View range is a progressive stat. Thus we calculate 262m / 0.875 * (0.00375 * 50 + 0.5).
• We obtain as a result your effective view range of 206m.
• That means your commander cannot see any tank further away than 206m even if it is right in front of you and shooting at you. Keep that in mind and make sure you train those crews!
• You decide to remedy the situation immediately by equipping Binoculars equipment that you had available and which give a 25% bonus to view range. You calculate 206m * 1.25 = 257.5m. There you go, marked improvement, but only while your hull does not move for at least 3 seconds.

Advanced example

You just bought your stock Marder II with a 75% crew and want to know how fast it reloads.

• The garage stat shown for rate of fire is 26.25 rounds per minute. Since you want the actual reload time, you calculate 60s/26.25 = 2.286s reload time for every shot.
• Responsible for that is the loader. The Marder II does not have a separate loader. Instead, the gunner is loading the gun himself. What is his effective skill level? His primary skill level is 75%. But we must not forget the commander's bonus. The commander's skill level is also 75%. So we calculate 75% (loader) + 75% (commander) * 0.1 (in a case like this where commander and crew have the same skill level you can also simply calculate 75% * 1.1) and obtain the effective skill level of our loader at 82.5%.
• Reload time is a degressive stat. Thus we calculate 2.286s * 0.875 / (0.00375 * 82.5 + 0.5). We obtain as a result our effective (rounded) reload time of 2.47s.
• We can also calculate rate of fire. Since that is progressive we go 26.25 / 0.875 * (0.00375 * 82.5 + 0.5), i.e. our stock Marder II has a (rounded) rate of fire of 24.28 with a 75% crew.

Difficult example

You have advanced in World of Tanks and bought a shiny new AMX 50B. It is still stock, but you invested some gold into training your crew immediately to 100% skill level. But you ran out of gold so only your commander and your gunner got trained to 100%, while you trained the rest of your new crew to 75% with credits. You also installed Improved Ventilation equipment. What is your rate of fire?

• Unfortunately the in-game stats shown for rate of fire are incorrect for all Autoloaders and automatic guns. Since we do not want to work with incorrect data and also make the example a bit more complicated, let's look at the stats not shown in game. The vehicle's gun has an automatic loader and can fire 4 shells every 2.5 seconds until the magazine needs to be reloaded, which nominally takes 30 seconds.
• Responsible for that is the loader. The AMX 50B has three crew members assigned to that role, the commander, the gunner and the Radioman. The commander and the gunner are at 100% primary skill level, the Radioman is at 75%. So what is the effective skill level for our calculation? As explained above, we take the average of each crew member's effective skill level, so we need to calculate it for each of them first, add them and then divide by their number: 100+5=105% (commander) + 100+5+105*0.1=115.5% (gunner) + 75+5+105*0.1=90.5% (radioman) / 3. As you can see, it becomes a bit more complicated here, we need to take into account equipment, which crew member receives the commander's bonus and which doesn't. Our calculated effective skill level is thus 103.67%
• Now back to our formula to calculate the actual tank stats. If you paid attention above, you'll know that the 2.5s for revolving the magazine while firing are automatically performed by the tank and not influenced by crew skill. Reloading the magazine, however, depends on the crew. Knowing that, we take the 2.5s as a constant and calculate 30s * 0.875 / (0.00375 * 103.67 + 0.5) = 29.54s as the time it takes to reload a magazine. But we wanted to know rate of fire, i.e. the average amount of shells the tank can shoot every minute. We know the tank takes 28.13s to load and fire the first of four shells and then fires the remaining 3 shells with a 2.5s delay between each shot. Thus we calculate 60/((28.13s + (4 - 1) * 2.5s)/4 and finally obtain our answer, our crew allows our tank to fire 6.74 rounds per minute.

Tank Experience and Credits

Experience and credits are gained in all game modes except training battles for the following actions:

You will NOT get experience for:

1. Damaging an ally's tank, even if said ally is "blue"
2. Team killing. But you can always get a free ticket to ban land if you do it on purpose.
3. Shots that deal no hull damage, destroy no module or kill no crew member.
4. Shots that destroy a module that had already been destroyed before (except when a repair pack has been used on it).
5. For receiving damage without fighting back. As stated above, your shells have to damage your attacker.
6. For receiving titles in the "hero of the battle" window.
7. For receiving medals or completing achievements.
8. No bonus experience for a draw or a lost battle.
9. A specific bonus for "killing all enemy tanks" does not exist, but as listed above, the entire team receives more XP the more damage to enemy tanks is inflicted by the team.

Free Experience

Free experience can be used in the research of any vehicle instead of just the vehicle it was earned with.

You always gain 5% of the amount of experience earned in a battle as free experience. This is a bonus and is not subtracted from the vehicle's experience.

Additionally, you can use gold to convert vehicle specific experience to free experience. The vehicle must be elite, i.e. fully researched.

Crew Experience

If you leave the cap circle before capture is completed, all capture points earned by you are lost and the capture bar progress is reduced accordingly. The same happens each time you get damaged while within the cap circle before capture is complete. Both hull damage and critical damage (e.g. tracks) have the same effect, as does damage inflicted by the enemy or your own team.

Once capture is complete, the round does not end immediately. There is a delay of at least 5 seconds before victory is yours (unless the battle timer runs out earlier). According to Overlord this delay gets extended each time a vehicle is destroyed. The following outcomes are possible:

• All friendly vehicles are destroyed within the delay: Enemy team wins.
• All vehicles of both teams are destroyed within the delay: Draw
• Enemy completes base capture of their own within the delay: Draw.
• All other cases: Your team wins.

Not everything that happens in the game world will be visible to you at all times. Game mechanics and technical limitations alike limit what you can see at any given moment. The main reason for technical limitations is server performance. We are told the current spotting system costs 30% of the server resources needed for a battle.

We need to distinguish three main terms that often get confused by players:

• Draw Distance - a technical limitation to being able to see tanks and other objects in the 3D world. Maximum is 707m.
• Spotting Range - the game mechanics limitation to spotting, i.e. "lighting up" a target yourself. Maximum is 445m.
• View Range - a tank specific value only used for calculating spotting range, without any relevance of its own. No theoretical maximum.

The following sections explore each of these terms and other relevant factors in detail.

Draw Distance

Draw Distance is the maximum distance at which objects are drawn on your screen by the rendering engine. The bigger the draw distance, the more computing power is required both for client and server. The rendering engine used by World of Tanks sees the world as cubes. The map itself is a cube, and every object within that map cube is drawn within an invisible cube centered on and aligned to your view point. Everything near the boundaries of this cube starts to fade into a distance fog and everything outside of the boundaries is entirely invisible to you. This cube is your draw distance.

Draw Distance Setting

Draw distance can be limited in Game Settings->Graphics via the "Draw Distance" parameter that allows you to choose from the following three options:

• High: Maximum allowable draw distance (this is defined separately for each map, usually 1600m x 1600m x 1600m)
• Medium: 1100m x 1100m x 1100m
• Low: 900m x 900m x 900m

Needless to say, there is absolutely no good reason to limit draw distance via this option, always set this to high!

Server Horizon

• Even with your draw distance set to high, dynamic objects (i.e. spotted enemy vehicles, terrain destruction, tracers) may remain invisible to you. This is because the server decides whether to send information about dynamic objects to you based on whether they are within the boundaries of a separate 1000m x 1000m x 1000m cube centered on your tank but aligned to the map boundaries regardless of your view point. Every vehicle outside of that server cube will always be invisible to you in the default Arcade View or in Sniper View regardless of your draw distance setting.
• If a tank would be visible for you on the server, but you lowered your draw distance such that you cannot actually see it, the user interface will nevertheless draw the respective vehicle marker, it will appear above the invisible vehicle when you press Alt (using the default UI; using UI Modifications can make it constantly visible). You will however not see the tank or its outline.
• Self-Propelled Guns have another view mode available to them, the so called Strategic View, giving them a top down view on the battlefield. The server will also send information about all dynamic objects to your client that lie within that view port.

Minimap

The minimap is not part of the 3D world and thus unaffected by the limitations discussed in this section. What you see on the minimap is however influenced by Radio Range discussed below.

Shell Tracers

For the visibility of shell tracers there are some special rules:

• Tracers from friendly vehicles are always shown (subject to the above limitations to draw distance).
• Tracers from spotted enemy vehicles are always shown (subject to the above limitations to draw distance).
• Tracers from unspotted enemy vehicles:
  • In Arcade View and Sniper View, tracers are only shown if they originate from within +/- 25° of the direction you are looking at and from within maximum spotting range. [1] In the following illustration, you will only be able to see the red tracer in the first two cases:
    
  • In Strategic View, all tracers are shown that originate from within your strategic view port.

View Range

View Range is the theoretical maximum distance that your vehicle's commander (not you!) can see, and depends on the vehicle's turret, the commander's effective primary skill level, whether the commander has the Recon skill and the radio operator has the Situational Awareness skill, as well as the usage of view range stat enhancing equipment like Coated Optics or Binoculars. View Range has no relevance of its own, its only purpose is to server as a factor for calculating the spotting range. It is not to be confused with draw distance, nor does it have any influence thereon.

Note that unlike what the in game description of the view range enhancing equipment indicates, there is no 500m limitation. View range is unlimited. The better your view range, the better your spotting range, at any range.

The maximum possible view range you can currently (v0.7.3) achieve in game is nearly 598.842m with a Patton and 100% commander and crew having the Brothers in Arms perk, the commander having 100% Recon skill, the radio operator having 100% Situational Awareness skill, the tank having Improved Ventilation and Binoculars equipment installed and using Case of Cola premium consumable.

Spotting Range

Spotting Range is the maximum distance at which you will detect/spot an enemy tank if you have line of sight.

Minimum Spotting Range

You will always spot any vehicle that comes within 50m of you, regardless of line of sight. Because you do not need line of sight, this is also called proximity spotting, and can be used on certain maps to spot enemies going past a choke-point without actually being being exposed to them.

Maximum Spotting Range

You can never spot a vehicle further away than 445m, the game engine performs no spotting checks past this boundary.

Note that unlike draw distance limits, spotting range limits are the same in all directions (think of a virtual bubble instead of a cube).

Calculating Spotting Range

Spotting Range is not a fixed value particular to your tank, but depends on the target you are spotting, its current position and situation. In other words, as many different individual spotting ranges are calculated by the server for your tank as there are targets within the minimum and maximum spotting ranges to you. For each target the spotting range is calculated invidiually according to the following formula:

If your spotting range to a vehicle equals or exceeds your distance to that vehicle, and you have line of sight, or if the vehicle is within the minimum spotting range, you will spot it. Otherwise it remains hidden to you unless spotted by another vehicle on your team that you are in radio communication with.

See above for how effective view range can be calculated. Camouflage mechanics are explained below.

Spotting Mechanics

To determine whether you have line of sight to a vehicle within your spotting range and will thus spot it, the server calculates a virtual vision ray extending from one of two view range ports on your vehicle to each of the six visiblility checkpoints of the target vehicle.

If a vision ray is obstructed by non-transparent objects like houses, terrain, or even just a lamp post, this ray ends there and does not reach the target vehicle. Important to know is that both the vehicle being spotted as well as other vehicles from other players are fully transparent as far as spotting mechanics go.

If no vision rays reach their target, you will not spot it. But if at least one of the six vision rays reaches the target, you will spot the vehicle and it will light up if it was previously hidden. At this point it makes no difference if any of the other visions rays would reach their target as well because.

View Range Ports

Each tank has two View Range Ports as shown in this illustration:

• Static View Range Port: A static location on the tank model, placed on its highest elevation and centered there.
• Dynamic View Range Port: Located where gun is mounted to the turret, dynamically moves along with the turret.

In general, the two view range ports take turns every 2 seconds, i.e. every 2 seconds visibility checks are performed using the respective other view range port.

Visibility Checkpoints

Each tank has six Visibility Checkpoints distributed across the tank as shown in this illustration:

1. Top, Middle of Turret (same location as Static View Range Port)
2. Gun Mount (same location as Dynamic View Range Port)
3. Front, Center of Hull
4. Rear, Center of Hull
5. Right Side, Middle of Turret
6. Left Side, Middle of Turret

Rate of Visibility Checks

You will not necessarily spot an enemy tank as soon as you have line of sight on it. The rate of visibility checks is limited as follows:

• within 50 m range - every 0.1 sec
• within 150 m range - every 0.5 sec
• within 270 m range - every 1.0 sec
• within 445 m range - every 2.0 sec

NOTE: While Overlord confirmed the above as still correct for 0.7.1, US community manager Vallther claimed on 23 January 2012 that the frequency of the visibility checks depends "a lot on the map" and that he "requested a total check from Q&A regarding the matter". [2]

The rate limitation on visibility checks means that it is entirely possible that a hidden tank moves out of cover right after a visibility check, shoots you, and returns back into cover right before the next visibility check, thus never getting spotted and staying hidden. This can also lead to fast tanks getting spotted only closer to you than your spotting range would normally allow - at a maximum speed of 72 km/h a tank can cross 40m between spotting checks past 270m range.

Spotting Duration

Once spotted, a vehicle stays lit up for a minimum duration of 5 seconds which can extend up to 10 seconds after the spotter moves out of spotting range or gets destroyed. Exact duration seems to be random, tanks spotted right next to each other may stay lit up for different durations. The Designated Target perk for the gunner extend this duration further.

Camouflage

One factor when calculating spotting range is the camouflage factor of the vehicle to be spotted. The higher the target's camouflage factor, the shorter the spotting range.

Calculating the Camouflage Factor

The camouflage factor is calculated as follows:

The camoFactor cannot exceed a value of 1, so if the equation results in a higher value camoFactor is set to 1.

Let's look at the different elements of that equation in detail:

baseCamo

Every vehicle in game comes with a base camouflage value assigned to it by the developers as part of game balancing. The value is defined separately for moving and for standing still. The baseCamo value is generally lower while moving the hull than while standing still, but for some tanks including most light tanks the values are equal for both states, which is a big advantage for dedicated scout tanks.

The baseCamo values are not shown in game but can be calculated based on the spotting range formula and the formula for the camouflage factor explained here. Allow for a certain margin of error because of differences in the distance display in game and the distance between visibility checkpoints and view range ports plus the fact that in game distance is only shown in 1 meter steps. A near complete list of measured values with different precisions can currently be found in this table.

Note that some fan sites display base camo values dating from the v0.6.2.8 closed beta game client. Nearly all of these values are outdated by now, you should ignore them.

camoSkill

This is your crew's effective skill level for the Camouflage skill.

camoNet

This is the camouflage bonus provided by Camouflage Net equipment, if installed and active (you must have been standing without moving your hull for at least 3 seconds). It currently provides a bonus of 25%, i.e. the coefficent is 1.25.

camoAtShot

This is another value defined by the developers for tank/turret/gun combination individually as part of game balancing. The same gun can have a different value on different tanks (or theoretically even on different turrets on the same tank, although no example is known of that). Gun caliber or existence of a muzzle break on the gun have no influence on this value.

The value is not displayed in game, but can be determined through testing in the same way as the baseCamo value (see above). The value is on average around 25%.

environmentCamo

Environment Camouflage Schema

You can use the different objects on the map to provide additional cover. Solid objects like terrain elevations, rocks houses, or other static objects on the map cannot be seen through and thus always provide 100% camouflage, i.e. you will not be spotted. But also half-transparent objects provide a bonus. As soon as you fire your gun, the camouflage bonus provided by transparent objects in a 15m radius around your tank is reduced to 30% of the original value. Objects furter away are unaffected.

Bushes and trees have been tested to add up to 0.64 additional camouflage, depending on the type of bush/tree. See the following table for some bushes and trees that have been tested in v0.7.1:

Type	environmentCamo
dense bush on Arctic Region	0.64
bush on Malinovka	0.62
bush-pine on Arctic Region	0.62
bush on Ensk	0.62
bush on El Halluf	0.62
sparse bush on Arctic Region	0.35
pine tree on Malinovka	0.64
tree on Ensk, slightly off-ground	0.56
pine on Arctic Region, slightly off-ground	0.53

Environment camouflage bonuses stack, but special rules apply when firing your gun:

• In the illustration to the right, each bush provides the same environment camouflage bonus X. Since these bonuses stack, tank 1 has an environmentCamo value of 3 * X.
• However, as soon as tank 1 fires its gun, the environment bonuses within the 15m radius do no longer stack. Instead, only the bonus from the bush with the highest camouflage bonus is taken into account. In addition, the bonus from that bush is reduced to 30% of its original value, so 0.3 * X. Bonuses from environment outside of the 15m radius stack as usual. Thus, while firing tank 1 has an environment camouflage bonus of 0.3 * X + X = 1.3 * X.

No camouflage bonus is provided by:

• Fallen trees
• Player tanks (dead or alive)
• Grass
• Camouflage patterns you can buy in game for gold or rent for credits
• Anything else

Note that your tank does not need to be fully hidden to take advantage of an environment camouflage bonus, the environment only needs to cover all of your visibility checkpoints in the direction of the spotting tank's view range ports for the bonus to apply.

Examples

Let's look at an example to see how it all comes together.

Say our spotting target has a baseCamo coefficient of 25% or 0.25 while standing still and 15% or 0.15 while moving the hull. The camoAtShot factor is 25% or 0.25 as well. The entire crew of 5 has 100% Camouflage skill level and the commander has 100% primary skill level. Improved Ventilation equipment is installed in addition to a Camouflage Net. Our tank is sitting completely inside of a dense bush and has not been moving for more than 3 seconds.

The camouflage factor is:

0.25 * (0.00375 * (100 + 5 + (100 + 5 + 105 * 0.1) * 4) / 5 + 0.5) * 1.25 + 0.64 = 0.9291 (92.91%)

As soon as our tank starts moving out of the bush, the camouflage factor is as follows:

0.15 * (0.00375 * (100 + 5 + (100 + 5 + 105 * 0.1) * 4) / 5 + 0.5) = 0.2313 (23.13%)

Should the calculation of the effective camouflage skill be confusing to you, remember that you need to factor in both the bonus from Improved Ventilation equipment as well as the commander bonus.

Now to get a complete spotting example, let's add an example spotter with an effective view range of 400m. Spotting range is calculated as follows:

First example: 400 - (400 - 50) * 0.9291 = 74.81m spotting range.

Second example: 400 - (400 - 50) * 0.2079 = 319.04m spotting range.

Tips

• A camoFactor of 1 means your tank is invisible up to 50m to any possible spotter.
• Looking at the equation you can see that everything relating to your tank itself is multiplicative. That means that the higher your vehicle's base camouflage factor, the higher will be the absolute benefits from all other factors, and vice versa. Because of this there is often little use in training camouflage skills or equipping a camouflage net on vehicles with a low base camouflage factors, e.g. high tier artillery pieces.
• Bushes or standing trees within the 15m diameter become transparent to your view. This helps you determine your distance from them.
• To maximize your use of camouflage bonus provided by your environment, do not sit inside of bushes while you fire, instead sit more than 15m behind one or even several bushes. This is particularly important for scouts. Firing reveals your position. If you absolutely need to take a shot, e.g. to track your target for your team's artillery, pull back just before you take the shot - your target will stay visible to you even with the bush intransparent for the normal spotting duration. However, don't forget that enemies can see your tracers, so you may see shells homing in on your position despite being invisible to the enemy.
• Since dedicated scout tanks have the same high base camouflage values while standing still as they do while moving, they are best for reaching forward spotting positions unseen.
• Baiting the enemy to shoot you can be an effective tactic to light them up because of the camouflage reduction while shooting.
• As long as you are outside of 445m maximum spotting range you do not need to worry about camouflage, you will be invisible to the enemy team regardless of what you do. The difficulty is knowing whether you are outside of their maximum spotting range - keep paying attention to the minimap as enemy tanks get spotted and memorize their locations/count.

Radio Range

Each vehicle comes equipped with a radio that allows your radio operator to communicate with other vehicles on your team. Two friendly vehicles can communicate if they are no further away from each other than the sum of their respective radio ranges (also called signal ranges). For example, a tank with 300m effective radio range and a tank with 500m effective radio range stay in communication up to a distance of 800m. Your effective radio range depends on your vehicle's radio and on the effective skill level of those crew members responsible for the radio operator role.

If you are in communication with a friendly vehicle, then you will share information about the position and health of all enemy vehicles either of you are currently spotting. You will not relay any information received from other friendly vehicles via radio communication, however, nor will it be relayed to you. In other words, you will know the location of:

• Any friendly vehicle within your combined radio ranges.
• Any vehicles (friend or foe) spotted by you.
• Any vehicles (friend or foe) spotted by a friendly vehicle that is within your combined radio ranges.

Example:

You are looking down a long street from your tank destroyer and do not see any enemies, because they are outside your own spotting range. However, when a friendly tank moves down the street, it spots an enemy tank that was there all along. As long as you are within radio range of that friendly tank, you will see that enemy tank just as if you were spotting it yourself.

See the illustration to the right for an example of a more complex situation.

Movement of your tank in World of Tanks is critical not only to reach advantageous locations or to retreat from disadvantageous ones, but also and in particular while figthing other tanks to increase your effective armour or avoid shots entirely.

Engine Power & Acceleration

Acceleration is mainly based on your engine power/tank weight ratio. More engine power means better acceleration while more weight means less acceleration. Several consumables are available to give your engine power a boost during battle.

Other factors that play a role are your suspension's terrain resistance and the terrain type and elevation you are driving on. Note that the different types of Enhanced Suspension equipment provide no bonus to your vehicle's driving performance.

Terrain Resistance

The terrain resistance, or passability/passing ability, as Wargaming calls it in their patch notes, describes your suspension's performance (top speed, acceleration, traverse speed) on different types of ground. The performance degrades the softer the ground becomes. The game distinguishes three types of terrain: hard (roads, pavement, cobblestones), average (some paths dirt, sand, grass, shallow water), and soft (swamps, deep Water).

Most terrain types are easily recognizable, but swamps can be difficult. On Karelia and the aptly named map Swamp it is quite easy, but on Lakeville in the valley the grass texture looks like any other, when in fact the underlying ground is soft.

The exact amount of this degradation is a property of the suspension installed to your tank but is not displayed in game. Wider tracks do not necessarily provide better handling on soft ground, e.g. the M24 Chaffee has by far the best off-road performance of the dedicated tier 5 light scout tanks despite also having the narrowest tracks. For all tanks, if a suspension upgrade is available, it always comes with better performance on some or all types of terrain, i.e. less terrain resistance.

Top Speed

A common misconception is that the listed forward/reverse speed of your tank is an indication of the speed your tank should drive at. That is not the case. Instead, this stat indicated the speed limit of your tank's transmission system. It is a hard limit on the speed you can achieve and even driving down a steep hill will not allow you to exceed it. While there are some tanks which can reach their speed limit on flat ground, other tanks can only reach it on a downhill slope and some may never reach theirs at all.

Hull Traverse Speed

The hull traverse speed or turn rate of your tank defines how fast your tank can turn its hull. It depends on the installed suspension and your acceleration.

All about pointing your gun at the enemy and hitting them. Make sure to read the section about Accuracy and Dispersion as well.

Automatic Aiming

Automatic Aiming, or auto-aim, aims to the center of the tank: often the most armoured part. It does not lead your target at all. It is only useful for aiming at weaker armoured tanks very far from you or when you are both at close range and you need to focus on dodging incoming shots rather than carefully aiming at the enemy. In these occasions, auto-aim can save you some worry. By default, auto-aim is engaged by right-clicking on a target, and disengaged by pressing E.

Note that auto-aim will keep aiming at the target as long as it remains visible to you, even if it is behind a rock, a house, or a friendly tank. That does not mean you should actually shoot at it in these situations - sounds like a stating the obvious, but it happens all the time, in particular with newer players.

Manual Aiming

In most cases it is better to aim your gun manually rather than rely on auto-aim, but there are a few factors to consider. Every shell in the game has its own trajectory and flight speed, and you often need to consider them while manually aiming, but since the game does not tell you these parameters, they are best learned from experience.

Arcade View

Arcade View is the default view mode that you load into battle with. It is a third person view mode that places the camera above and behind your turret. Your aim follows your view-point. This can be confusing to players in particular next to buildings, because the elevated view point causes the gun to point up the obstacle.

This can be mitigated by locking your gun in place. By default this is done by holding down the right mouse button. This enables free mouse look without losing your aim. Note that by default the right mouse button also enables Automatic Aiming, therefore it is recommended to assign a different mouse button or key to Automatic Aiming.

Sniper View

Sniper View gives you a first person view basically through the gun. By default it is accessed by pressing the left Shift key or by zooming in on the target using the mouse wheel. Because of the different view point, this view mode does not cause any aiming problems in proximity to buildings or other elevations.

The other advantage of this view mode is the magnification of the target area, allowed for more precise aiming. Beware of "tunnel vision", however, and keep a close eye on your minimap so you do not get surprised by tanks sneaking up on you from behind while you are busy sniping.

Penetration Indicator

The penetration indicator is an option to the gun marker in your aiming reticle - enabled by default - which uses an easy colour code to help you evaluate whether you will be able to penetrate the target's armour in the location you are aiming at and with the shell you have loaded. A red indicator tells you that you will be unable to penetrate the targeted tank in that location, a yellow indicator means that the target's armour thickness lies within the -/+25% range of your penetration rating, while a green indicator means that your shell's penetration rating will exceed the target's armour thickness in all cases.

While the penetration indicator is an invaluable tool in discovering a target's weak spots, always be aware of its limitations. It is a simple comparison of your penetration rating versus the target's armour thickness along the normal at the aim poin and does not take into account the impact angle or the hidden armour homogenization factor, so even with a green penetration indicator your shot may still ricochet or fail to penetrate the target's effective armour thickness. Also, because of dispersion affecting every shot you take, you may not actually hit the weak spot you were aiming for.

Leading the Target

Leading the Target

If your target is moving perpendicular to you, you always have to adjust your aim manually. This is also called leading the target. Factoring in your shell's flight speed, you have to aim where you estimate the target your shell's trajectory intersects with with the target's movement. For example, if your shell flies 1000 m/s on a flat trajectory (e.g. AP shells fired from the 8,8 cm KwK 43 L/71 "long 88" of the PzKpfw VI Tiger), and your target is 500m away, your shell takes little more than half a second to reach it. If your target is a T-50-2 moving perpendicular to you at 72 km/h, i.e. 20m/s, theoretically you need to aim 10m in front of it to hit it.

However, since this is an online game and not reality, you also have to account for network latency, i.e. your ping. If you were playing with 500ms ping (an extremely high ping), then you would have to lead the target by an additional 0.5 seconds of movement. In the example that means you would have to double your lead and aim 20m in front of the target (see also Latency Correction below).

While all that is easy enough with a high velocity gun, it becomes much harder with a low velocity gun like the 105 mm AT Howitzer M3 of the aforementioned T82. It fires HE shells which fly at a velocity of 311 m/s on a very high trajectory, i.e. they can take several seconds to reach a far away target. The amount you need to lead your target by with such a gun increases accordingly. Naturally, the more you need to lead the more will your aim be off if your target changes its course even slightly. That is something to keep in mind when trying to avoid incoming shots: never be predictable.

Ballistic Trajectory

The reticle takes the ballistic trajectory into account, so it will automatically aim a little higher while you hover over a visible target (red outline). However, as soon as you move your aim away from the target, this automatic correction goes away. This is important to consider when leading a moving target as described avove, because then you will have to correct your aim for the trajectory yourself. An easy way to know by how much to correct is to first hover the reticle over the target, note how high it aims, and then aim to the same elevation while you lead. While doing that the reticle may adjust to terrain or objects your aim passes over, so you might need to compensate for that as well if the situation arises.

Aiming and Line of Sight

Despite shells following a ballistic trajectory, aiming is strictly line of sight. That can lead to situations where you cannot place your reticle on a target, because it is hidden by a terrain feature, although the ballistic trajectory of your gun would actually allow you to hit the target. This is particularly pronounced with howitzer guns with high arcing trajectories, for example that on the T82. Due to the automatic correction of your aim it can be quite tricky to shoot the target in such situations, but there are a few considerations that can help you with:

• Sniper View has the lowest view point (gun mount), so do not use it if your target is behind an elevation and you have trouble placing your reticle on it.
• Arcade View has a higher view point for aiming purposes (commander's cupola), so you may be able to aim at the target in this mode.
• Auto-aim does not actually rely on line of sight, so in situations where manual aiming fails, you can try to right click the target in arcade mode and see your reticle drop a little bit further, possibly just enough.
• If all of these fail, and if the target is far enough away, you can try to simply aim above the elevation, and hope for the best. It takes a lot of experience to get these fully manual howitzer shots right, however.

Regardless of elevation there can also be situations where you do have line of sight on the target and can place a shot, but you cannot see the target's red outline. This usually happens if another object is closer to you than the target and your reticle prioritizes the other target instead of the tank you clearly see and want to aim at. You can take the shot regardless, but aiming can be tricky if your reticle also tries to adjust the aim for the closer object. Be particularly careful if the closer object is a friendly tank - many have accidentally been shot in the back by their team mates in such situations.

Strategic View (SPG)

Strategic Aiming Basics

If your vehicle is a self-propelled gun, then Sniper View is not available to you, instead you have an SPG-specific aiming mode called Strategic View available. It is accessed in the same way as Sniper View. It gives you a top down view onto a section of the battlefield. You can use your mouse or the cursor keys to move the view around. You can also place the Strategic View directly onto a certain battlefield area by holding Ctrl and right clicking the desired location on the minimap.

Unlike in the other view modes, in strategic mode the aiming circle does adjust to terrain elevation and ballistic trajectory. Thus it will usually not be a perfect circle but an oval shape. This helps you judge both the angle of the terrain your target is positioned on and your shell trajectory to the target. The little dot within the aiming circle/oval represents the height adjusted center of your aim.

It takes a little getting used to perfect aiming with self-propelled guns, see the illustration to the right for the basics to get you started.

Client vs Server

Shots that fall outside of your aim or go into a completely different direction are usually caused by network or server lag. This can happen because every movement of your aim on your client has to be transmitted to the server first and executed there as well. So regardless of your latency the server aim will always lag slightly behind your aiming on the client. If you press CapsLock + 0 during a battle, your client will show an additional blue reticle which shows the last information the client has received about where the server is currently placing your aim, as well as the size of the aiming circle on the server. Since this is subject to latency as well, it is not entirely accurate either, but if you are having latency related problems it can be a good idea to use the server reticle and wait until server and client reticles match before you fire a shot. The server reticle is not displayed while Automatic Aiming is engaged.

Where to aim

When shooting at an enemy tank, it is always useful to aim for areas with less armour. All tanks have the strongest armour in the front, with the rear being the weakest. In addition, a tank's armour is not uniform. Use the Penetration Indicator to discover weakly armoured spot, so called weak-spots (typically hatches, machine gun mounts, etc.).

Standard Deviation Diagram

Every shot you take is dispersed randomly around the center of your aiming reticle, i.e. you will not necessarily hit exactly where you aimed. The actual dispersion amount is based on a Gaussian (normal) distribution curve and depends on your gun and the turret it is mounted to.

Gun Accuracy

The accuracy value for a gun is given in meters at a range of 100m. The value describes 2 standard deviations σ from the center of your aim. In other words, for a gun with 0.32m effective accuracy at 100m, 95.45% of all shots will land within 0.32m of the center of your aim at that distance. Dispersion amount increases linearly with distance, i.e. 0.32m effective accuracy at 100m translates to 0.64m at 200m and 1.28m at 400m

Aiming Circle

The aiming circle, also called dispersion circle or dispersion indicator, is 1.5 times bigger and describes an area of 3 standard deviations σ from the aim point. That means for 0.32m effective accuracy at 100m your aiming circle's outer diameter is 0.96m at 100m, or 3.84m at 400m.

Based on a purely normal distribution that would mean that a very small percentage of your shots would fall outside of the aiming circle. However, in game dispersion is effectively limited to 3 standard deviations, i.e. the size of the aiming circle, and no shots can fall outside of that area.

Accuracy Penalties

The accuracy discussed above applies is the best case scenario. During actual game play several factors can come into play that result in a penalty to your accuracy:

• Dead Gunner: If your gunner gets knocked out the gunner's skill will be set to 0% for the purposes of calculating the accuracy stat. The effect is mitigated if the commander has the Jack of All Trades skill. The effect is removed if the gunner receives first aid via a consumable. See the Crew page for more information.
• Gun Damage: A damaged ("yellow") gun typically fires with halved accuracy for as long as it remains damaged.
• Shooting: With each shot you take your accuracy temporarily gets reduced dramatically depending on the vehicle type, but your gunner will immediately start aiming again.
• Turret Rotation: Rotating the turret results in a temporary accuracy penalty. The exact amount depends on the installed gun and the speed you rotate the turret at.
• Vehicle Movement: Moving your vehicle forwards or backwards temporarily reduces accuracy. The exact amount depends on the installed suspension and the speed you are moving at.
• Vehicle Rotation: Rotating your vehicle left or right temporarily reduces accuracy. The exact amount depends on the installed suspension and the speed you are rotating at.

With game version 0.7.2 several crew skills and perks have become available to reduce most of these penalties.

Aiming Time

The aiming time listed for each gun (in a specific turret) describes the time it takes for the aiming circle to shrink to a third of its size. However, most of the penalties described above increasee the aiming circle by a factor bigger than three, which is why fully aiming the gun typically takes longer than the listed amount of time.

Client vs Server

When you fire a shot, your shell trajectory is first calculated based on the data the client has. It is later updated with the data confirmed by the server. If the difference was big, then you may see shell tracers leave your barrel at an angle or change flight path mid-trajectory.

Aiming properly and hitting the enemy tank are only the means to an end, and that is actually damaging and eventually disabling it. And that is not automatic. Once you have hit an enemy vehicle, the game then calculates where the shot hit the enemy, at what angle you struck the armour, the effective thickness of the armour (based on the impact angle), and thus ultimately whether your shell penetrates the armour.

Impact Angle

The angle at which an Armour Piercing (AP) or Armour Piercing Composite Rigid (APCR) shell hits the target's armour is crucial for penetrating it. The ideal impact angle is along the normal, i.e. perpendicular to the armour plate. The actual impact angle is calculated as the deviation from the normal. For this, the ballistic flight path of the shell is taken into account, which can be particularly important for artillery guns and their high arcing trajectories if you fire AP or HEAT shells with them.

If the shell hits an external module (e.g. tracks, observation device, turret rotator), impact angle is not taken into account. The exception to this rule is the gun.

Impact angle is also not taken into account for High-Explosive (HE) shells, because those explode on impact.

Shell Normalization

The impact angle of AP and APCR shells onto a vehicles armour is normalized, i.e. adjusted towards the armour's normal axis at the point of impact. In case of spaced armour, shells are normalized twice at the point of impact on the spaced armour, and if they penetrate, continue on their way into the vehicle. No additional normalization occurs when the shell hits the hull armour after penetrating the spaced armour.

If a shell penetrates spaced armour, it continues along its normalized flight path into the vehicle. Once it impacts the hull armor, the remaining penetration potential (i.e. the original penetration potential minus the effective armor thickness of the spaced armor) is used to calculate whether the shell penetrates the hull proper.

We are told the AP and APCR shells are currently normalized between 8° and 10°. The normalization amount is a constant value depending on the shell, there is no randomizaton.

The impact angle of HEAT shells is currently not normalized at all.

Ricochet

If the normalized impact angle of an AP, APCR or HEAT shell on the target's armour exceeds 70°, a ricochet (also called a bounce) occurs and the shell is deflected off the target without causing any damage. A ricochet can also occur on the hull armor after penetrating spaced armour.

As mentioned above, impact angle is not taken into account when hitting external modules excep the gun, so a ricochet off those is impossible.

A ricochet off terrain features, buildings or wrecks is impossible.

Overmatch

If the shell's caliber is over 3 times greater than the nominal thickness of the armour, shell normalization is increased by that factor. For example, hitting 20mm of armour with a 120mm shell, your caliber overmatches the armour by a factor of six, so your shell is normalized six times more than it would be by default.

Given a minimum normalization amount of 8° for AP and APCR shells, in cases of overmatch your impact angle is effectively normalized by at least 24°. Since the actual impact angle cannot exceed 90°, in case of overmatch the normalized impact angle cannot be greater than 66°. That means that a ricochet at the point of impact becomes impossible. Note that if you impact spaced armour first, even if you penetrate that your shell may still ricochet off the underlying hull armour.

Naturally, in cases where no shell normalization occurs (HE and HEAT shells or external module hits), overmatch plays no role.

Effective Armour Thickness

Your tank is armoured with plates of varying thicknesses. The game only provides you with the nominal armour strength of the three main armour plates of your tank's hull and turret, respectively. However, the tanks are actually modelled in much greater detail. The penetration indicator can help you discover the actual nominal armour thickness of your target.

However, the nomimal thickness of an armour plate is just the minimal amount of armour a shell impacting it must penetrate. As soon as the impact angle deviates from the normal, i.e. is not perfectly perpendicular to the armour plate's surface, the effective armour thickness that the shell needs to penetrate will be higher than the nominal armour thickness:

The effective armour thickness is calculated by dividing the nominal armour thickness with the cosine of the nominal impact angle. For example, in the diagram above we have a nominal armour thickness of 100mm and an impact angle of 30°, thus we have an effective armour thickness of 100mm/cos(30°) = 115.47mm that the shell needs to be able to penetrate. In other words, at an impact angle of 30° the armour is effectively over 115.47% stronger than its nominal value.

The following table provides the coefficients for a number of normalized impact angles:

As you can see, the effective armour thickness increases expontentially with the impact angle. For shells impacting you at 60° your armour is effectively twice as thick and at 70° nearly three times as thick. As explained above, for angles higher than 70° all shells will ricochet regardless of armour thickness.

The same applies to your targets, of course, so always take that into account when deciding if and where to shoot them. Reducing the impact angle to your target only slightly will exponentially reduce its effective armour thickness and a target that was previously impossible for you to penetrate may suddenly become easy prey. This is also the reason why you should always attack from two different angles at once. A target can only maximize their effective armour in one direction, as soon as they try to accomodate two possible impact angles they suffer an exponential loss in effective armour thickness towards both of them (thus if you are the one getting flanked while in a strongly armoured tank it is best to maximize your effective armour towards one opponent while shooting the other one).

Armour Homogenization Factor

Unfortunately, in addition to the above the game also uses a hidden armour strength modifier called the armour homogenization factor. This is set individually for each tank and last known values date from closed beta, where this hidden factor would affect effective armour strengths between 100% and 120%.

Armour homogenziation is used for all hull/turret armour but not for armour values of modules and crew (which of course are hidden from the players as well, so this is only a small consolation).

Penetration Randomization

Penetration values displayed for a gun/shell combination are average values. The actual penetration value is randomized by up to +/- 25% around the average value. Randomization occurs on impact with the target, separately for each new shell you fire.

Penetration Loss over Distance

Since shell speed decreases the longer a shell flies, the game models linear penetration loss over distance depending on the gun and shell type used:

• Armour Piercing (AP) shells experience low penetration loss over distance.
• Armour Piercing Composite Rigid (APCR) shells experience high penetration loss over distance.
• High-Explosive (HE) and High-Explosive Anti-Tank shells (HEAT) shells experience no penetration loss at all.

The penetration values displayed in game indicate average penetration values at 0-100m distance (no penetration loss occurs within this range). Penetration values at higher distances are not displayed. As a rule of thumb, the higher the tier of the gun used, the lower the penetration loss. For example, a Leichttraktor loses up to 17.5% penetration firing AP shells and 51.4% firing APCR shells with its default gun, whereas a Maus only loses about 2% with AP and 15.4% with APCR.

Double Penetration

A shell can continue its flight path after the initial impact, either on the outside of the tank in case of ricochet or inside of the tank following penetration of spaced armour, hull armour or external modules. The remaining penetration potential is the initial penetration value, randomized at the point of impact +/- 25%, minus whatever effective armour thickness that was penetrated. This remaining penetration potential is then used to calculate whether any other armour plates that are hit can be penetrated. Internal modules or crew members have no armour and thus will always get hit if any penetration potential is left in the shell.

Shell Damage

Each shell has a specific damage potential. The game mechanics differentiate between armour damage and module and crew damage, but only the potential armour damage of a shell is actually displayed in game. The potential for module and crew damage exists in addition to the armour damage potential and is not shown in game.

The potential for module and crew damage is balanced individually for each shell - generally speaking low tier guns can cause more critical damage than armour damage, whereas the inverse is true for high tier guns. The reason is that low tier tanks have considerably more module hitpoints - another hidden property of your tank - than they have armour hitpoints. At high tiers the opposite is true.

Damage Randomization

Just like shell penetration, all shell damage is randomized by up to +/- 25%, regardless of shell type. The gun properties display the average value. The shell properties display the damage range. Note, however, that the shell values are rounded to the nearest integer, whereas the damage amounts shown in game are truncated. This is a display issue, and both are incorrect: The server uses the exact values.

Armour Damage

Each vehicle has hitpoints, displayed in the garage. Each vehicle enters the battle with 100% hitpoints because you must repair any damage taken by your vehicle in a previous battle before you are allowed to join the fight in it again. Each time the vehicle takes armour damage, its hitpoints get reduced. Once a vehicle's hitpoints reach zero, the vehicle is destroyed. During a battle, the remaining hitpoints of a vehicle are represented by the progress bars displayed over the targets you aim at.

Spaced armour is a special type of armour that exists to deflect a shell's flight path and to protect against the explosion blast from high-explosive (HE) shells. Spaced armour is special in that it is separate from the hull armour. Damage applied to spaced armour does not reduce the hitpoins of the vehicle itself.

AP, APCR and HEAT Shells

AP, APCR and HEAT shells cause damage only if they manage to penetrate the target's hull armour. Once the hull armour is penetrated the target will take the full listed damage, +/- 25%. Other factors play no role to the damage calculation. For example, it makes no difference whether you barely penetrated or easily penetrated the target.

HE Shells

High-Explosive shell damage model

The situation is more complex for HE shells. If this type of shell penetrate the hull armour, the situation is identical to the one just described for the other types of shells, damage is done to the full listed potential, +/- 25%. Since the shell, as high-explosive ammunition, explodes inside of the vehicle after it passes through the armor, any internal modules or crew caught within the explosion radius risk taking damage/getting knocked out (see Module and Crew Damage below).

However, HE shells typically have low penetration values, so unless you aim carefully at a weakly armoured area of your target, you will not penetrate and the shell explodes outside of the target at the point of impact. This also applies if a HE shell penetrates spaced armour, which causes it to explode before hitting the hull armour. In these cases where hull armour is not penetrated, the amount of damage is lower and calculated according to the following formula:

SpallCoefficient is 1.15 if spall liner is installed and you calculate armour damage, otherwise 1 (i.e. a spall liner does not protect external modules). actualDamage results of zero or below mean you cause no damage.

ImpactDistance is the distance between the point of impact of the shell and the point of impact between the explosion's blast and the target along a straight, unobstructed line. Since the blast will cover an area of the target's surface, the game selects the spot that leads to maximum damage according to the above formula, i.e. it will be a trade-off between the spot with the lowest nominalArmorThickness and the closest spot that can be hit. Ideally your blast wave reaches an unarmoured area of your target, e.g. the open top and rear on certain tank destroyers or self-propelled guns.

Once the exact point of impact has been determined this way, the actualDamage amount is determined as well as is the actual damage potential that the shell can now cause to the target. Whether this actual damage potential causes any damage to the vehicle follows the normal rules, but with the following limitation regarding internal modules and crew:

• If the shell exploded on the vehicle itself, then the propagation of the blast wave into the tank is simulated by calculating a cone-shaped area 45° wide originating from the point of impact of the shell along the normalized impact vector. Damage to internal modules and crew is possible within this area.
• If the shell exploded elsewhere and only the external blast wave impacted the vehicle, then no propagation of the blast into the vehicle itself takes place. Because of this no damage to internal modules and crew can occur.

If spaced armour is impacted by the blast wave first, the calculation above is conducted a second time for the underlying hull armor. Since for this second calculation already the reduced damage potential is taken the result of this second calculation is typically zero.

Module and Crew Damage

As mentioned above, you can not only damage a vehicle's armour, but also its modules and crew. Armour damage and module/crew damage are distinct. That means hitting a module only affects that module, not the hitpoints of the tank, just like hitting the armour does not affect a module. However, the same shell can damage both hull armour and module(s) or crew since it travels through the tank after penetrating the other armour.

Damage States

Just like the vehicle's hull, also each of its modules and crew have hitpoints. During a battle, you only see a simplified display of the amount of hitpoints remaining on your modules and crew represented by one of three colour states in the damage panel at the bottom left of your screen. These states are:

• Default (i.e. no colour shading): Enough hitpoints for module and crew to be fully operational.
• Yellow: This state only exists for modules and signifies that a module has taken considerable damage but is still operational. Tracks remain fully operational in this state, whereas every other module works at 50% efficiency.
• Red: This state signifies that a module is inoperational/a crew member is knocked out. Crew members remain in this state unless a consumable is used to restore them to full health, whereas modules will automatically be repaired over time by your crew up to the "Yellow" state of being operational.

All module and crew state changes are accompanied by a voice message.

Saving Throw

When a module or crew member is hit, they do not necessarily take damage from the hit. Instead, most modules have a specific chance not to take damage. This is also referred to as a saving throw. The base chances of damaging a specific module or crew member when hitting it are as follows:

• Suspension: 100%
• Engine: 45%
• Fuel Tank: 45%
• Observation Device: 45%
• Radio: 45%
• Turret Ring: 45%
• Gun: 33%
• Ammunition Rack: 27%

All crew members have the same chance to get knocked out when hit, however unlike modules starting with game version 0.7.4 these differ depending on the type of damage they are subject to:

• Crew hit by AP/APCR/HEAT shell: 33%
• Crew hit by (internal) explosion: 10%

Each of these base chances to damage a module or knock out a crew member can be increased by 3 if the Deadeye perk is active for your gunner at the time of a shot with an AP or APCR shell.

No other factors influence these chances. The amount of ammunition you are carrying does not affect the chance of your ammunition rack taking damage.

Ammunition Rack Explosion

If the ammunition rack's hitpoints reach zero, it explodes, destroying the tank and its crew completely regardless of the remaining hitpoints on either of them. You can increase your ammo rack's hitpoints by installing "Wet" Ammo Rack equipment or by training the Safe Stowage perk on a crew member with the role of loader.

Fire Damage

There are two ways the enemy can set your tank on fire.

• If your fuel tank's hitpoints reach zero, your tank automatically catches fire.
• Each time your engine gets hit, there is a chance that your tank catches fire. This chance depends on the engine and is displayed on the engine module's properties in game or here on the wiki. Note that the transmission counts as part of the engine.

While your tank is on fire, it constantly takes both hull as well as module and crew damage. The exact damage rate depends on the tank but is not displayed in game. The duration of the fire also depends on the tank, on your crew's effective Firefighting skill level, and whether your driver has the Preventative Maintenance perk active and whether you use Automatic Fire Extinguishers consumable. You can also extinguish a fire manually by using Manual Fire Extinguishers consumable.

Ramming Damage

You can also damage a target by ramming it. The collision creates an explosion at the point of impact similar to that of a high-explosive shell. The strength of the explosion, i.e. the damage potential, depends on the kinetic energy applied in the collision (0.5 * combined weight * relative speed^2), or in other words the combined weight of you and your target as well as your relative speed. That means that the heavier both you and your target are and the faster you collide, the stronger the explosion caused by the collision will be.

However, that damage potential is distributed according to the weight of each party to the collision relative to their combined weight (1 - individual weight / combined weight). For example, if you weigh 75 tons and you ram a target weighing 25 tons, only 25% of the explosion will affect you.

Actual damage calculation then follows the same rules as for high-explosive shell explosions, thus ramming lightly armoured targets/areas of the target will cause more damage than strongly armoured parts. Damage taken can be reduced by having a Spall Liner equipped. You can further reduce damage taken and at the same time increase the damage inflicted to the target by having your vehicle's driver trained in the Controlled Impact skill.

If you are about to be rammed, you can reduce the damage you will take by moving away from the approaching enemy, thus reducing your relative speed, and pointing your strongest armour at them.

Zero Damage Hits

Hits that cause no damage, also called zero damage hits, are notorious among the player base, and various conspiracy theories abound in their respect. However, they are simply the result of the above described game mechanics in conjunction with poor and sometimes incorrect visual and audible feedback given to the player about what happened with their shell. Bounces and ricochets, hits to spaced armour or to external modules are difficult to distinguish for the player, yet they all have a chance of not resulting in any visible armour damage to the enemy tank (they might still cause module or crew damage, but that is not always immediately visible to the attacking player and thus dismissed).

If you take module damage during battle, your crew will instantly start repairing it by restoring a specific amount of hitpoints to the module every second. The actual amount that gets repaired every second depends on the specific module itself (not just its type) and the effective repair skill of your crew.

Your crew will only repair a damaged module just enough to make it operational again, i.e. it will remain in "yellow" or damaged state. The exact amount of hitpoints this state represents depends on the specific module as well.

Battle Start

Battle start

• Let's go!
• Time to roll out!
• Move out!
• Let's get this show on the road!

Auto-aim

Auto-aim engaged

• Target acquired!
• Permission to engage!
• Ready to fire
• Ready to fire on target!
• Target locked!

Auto-aim lost

• Target lost!
• Where did they go?
• I don't see the target
• I can't see them anymore!
• Where did the target go?
• Target has moved away!
• We've lost the target!

Target Hit

When hitting your target, multiple events can apply at the same time, but only one message is played. Unfortunately the same or very similar messages are used for different events of this type.

Ricochet with AP and APCR

• Ricochet!
• That one bounced!
• It bounced off!
• That one ricocheted!

Armour not penetrated / Ricochet with HEAT

• Bounced off!
• We just dinged 'em!
• We didn't even scratch them!
• We didn't penetrate their armour!
• That one didn't go through!

Enemy set on fire

• Enemy on fire!
• Enemy fuel tank is hit!
• We've torched them!
• We lit that one up good!
• Enemy brewed up!

Critical Hit

• Critical hit!
• We nailed 'em bad!
• That's gotta hurt!
• Looks like that one went right through!

Armour penetrated / Critical hit to external module

• Penetration!
• Enemy armour is damaged!
• Enemy is hit!
• Enemy armour is hit!
• Punched right through their armour!
• Nice shot!
• We've got them!
• They're hit!
• We've hit them hard!

Target Destroyed

Target destroyed

• Enemy vehicle destroyed!
• Enemy armour is destroyed.
• They're knocked out.
• Got 'em!
• Gotcha!
• He's gone - find another target!
• We finished him off!
• Enemy vehicle knocked out!

Module Damage Taken

Ammunition Rack damaged

• Our ammunition rack is hit!
• Ammo storage is hit! We're lucky it didn't blow!
• Ammo hit! We're lucky it didn't blow!
• We've lost some ammo, but at least it didn't explode!

Engine damaged

• The engine is damaged!
• The engine is smoking!
• We've lost half of our engine power.
• We're losing power!
• The engine is damaged! We've slowed down!
• They hit the engine! We're losing speed!
• The engine is cutting out!

Engine destroyed

• Critical engine damage! We're stuck here!
• Our engine is knocked out!
• They hit the engine! We can't move!
• Critical engine damage! We're stopped!
• They've taken out our engine! We're stuck!
• Engine stalled! We can't move!

Fire!

• Fire! Put it out quickly!
• Fire! Put it out quick!
• We're on fire!
• We're on fire! Put it out!
• Smother those flames!
• Grab a fire extinguisher and put that out!
• Put out the fire!

Fuel Tank damaged

• Our fuel is hit! We've lost half our gas.
• Our gas tanks corrupted - we're low on fuel!
• Fuel tank hit!
• We've been hit in the fuel tank!
• Our gas tank is hit!

Gun damaged

• Our main gun is damaged. It's working but not very well.
• The main gun is damaged. We can't fire accurately.
• Main gun hit!
• Our cannon is hit!
• Main gun damaged! We've lost accuracy!

Gun destroyed

• The main gun is destroyed!
• The main gun is knocked out!
• They took our gun!
• They took out our gun!
• Main gun destroyed, we can't shoot!
• Our cannon is destroyed!
• They've knocked out our cannon!
• Main gun knocked out!

Radio damaged

• The antenna is damaged! We can only talk locally!
• The Radio is hit. We can't raise anyone outside this area!
• Radio hit! We can only talk locally!
• The Radio is damaged! See if you can raise anyone!
• Radio hit! Radio range decreased!

Observation Device destroyed

• We can barely see through the scope!
• The range finder took a hit, we can only shoot close targets.
• Optics destroyed!
• They've hit our viewports! Can't see anything!
• Viewfinder knocked out! We can hardly see anything!

Track damaged

• Track hit!
• One of our tracks is damaged!
• Our track is hit! It could break any minute!
• One of our tracks was hit!
• One of our tracks is hit!
• The track is damaged!

Track destroyed

• We're immobilized!
• We've lost a track!
• One of our tracks is gone! We can't move!
• They blew off our track! We're stuck!
• We've lost a track! We're immobilized!

Turret Ring damaged

• The turret ring is damaged, we can barely turn it!
• Hydraulics are down - we have to hand crank the turret!
• Turret hit! rotating speed decreased!
• They hit the turret controls!
• Turret ring hit - it's moving slowly!

Turret Ring destroyed

• The turret is jammed!
• The turret controls are busted, we can't turn it.
• Turret jammed!
• The turret is stuck!
• They destroyed the turret controls!

Module Damage Repaired

Engine repaired

• We've repaired the engine, but we can't go very fast.
• The engine is fixed, but it's not going to hold up the speed.
• Engine fixed. Let's move on!
• The engine is holding together for now - don't push it!
• We've fixed the engine, but we can't go too fast!

Fire extinguished

• The fire is out!
• We've put out the flames!
• The fire is extinguished!
• We've put out the fire!

Gun repaired

• We fixed the main gun, but it's still not very accurate!
• The main gun is up, but accuracy is off!
• Main gun repaired, but it's not going to shoot straight anymore!
• The main gun is working, but not very well!
• The cannon is up, but the sights are still off!

Observation Device repaired

• The periscope is fixed, but it's still fragile!
• We've got the rangefinder working, but it's marginal!
• Optics repaired!
• We've cleared the view ports! Keep your eyes open!
• Viewfinder back up, visibility increased!

Track repaired

• We've fixed the track!
• Track's up!
• Track fixed!
• Track repaired!

Both tracks repaired

• Drive on!
• Track repaired! Drive on!
• Track fixed! Let's roll!
• Track fixed! Get going!
• We fixed the track! Let's roll!
• We fixed the track! Get going!
• Get going!
• Let's roll!
• Let's go!
• Track's up! Let's go!

Turret Ring repaired

• We fixed the turret, but it's still not turning very fast!
• We fixed the turret, but it still is not turning very fast!
• Try rotating the turret slowly, it should be working now!
• The turret is fixed, but it's still not turning quickly!
• You can turn the turret slowly now!
• The turret works now, but be gentle with it!

Crew Losses Suffered

Commander killed

• They got the commander! We can't see what's going on!
• The commander is hurt, he can't focus!
• The commander is hit!
• The commander is knocked out!

Driver Killed

• They killed our driver! We're covering his position, but not very well.
• They killed our driver!
• The driver is hit, he can barely steer!
• Our driver is dead! We can barely move!
• The Drive is a goner! The controls aren't responding!
• The driver is hit! We can't go very fast!

Gunner killed

• The gunner is dead! We're trying to cover for him!
• The gunner is wounded! He'll have a hard time hitting anything!
• Gunner is dead! We're shooting blind!
• Gunner is gone - somebody get on the gun!
• The gunner bought the farm! Our accuracy will suffer!

Loader killed

• The loader bought the farm!
• The loader bought the farm! We can't reload as fast!
• The loader is hit - he's moving slowly!
• The loader is dead! Our rate of fire is slow!
• They got our loader!
• Our loader is gone! We can't fire as fast!

Radioman killed

• The Radioman is down! We can only signal nearby vehicles!
• The Radioman is bleeding! We can't rely on him!
• The Radioman is dead! Our radio range is reduced!
• They got the Radioman! Stay close to the other vehicles!
• Our Radioman is hit! Radio range has dropped!

Out of Action

Vehicle destroyed

• Bail out! This vehicle has had it!
• We're done for! Get out!
• We're done for! Everyone get out!
• Bail out! We're finished!
• Vehicle destroyed!
• We've had it! Let's get out of here!

All Crew killed

• Crew is knocked out!
• Crew members are killed!
• Bail out!
• We've lost all of our men!
• We're done for!

Teamkill

Ally killed by you

• That was one of ours!
• We've killed a friendly!
• We've destroyed one of our own vehicles!
• We've hit one of our own vehicles!

Unused Messages

Crew messages which are in the game client but are not being used (anymore).

Gun reloaded

• Reloaded!
• Loaded and ready!
• Ammo up!
• Ready to fire!
• Locked and loaded!

Enemy destroyed by your team

• Another one down!
• Enemy vehicle eliminated!
• Scratch another bad guy!
• Enemy destroyed!

Enemy sighted

• Target spotted!
• Enemy exposed!
• There's one!
• I see one of them!
• Enemy detected!

Explosion next to you

• That was close!
• They almost got us that time!
• They're right outside!

Ally killed

• Friendly vehicle knocked out!
• One of the vehicles destroyed!
• One of our vehicles destroyed!
• They destroyed one of our tanks!

Battle lost

• Fall back men, this mission is over!
• We can't hold on!
• We may have lost this one, but we'll be back!
• Nothing more we can do here!
• Fall back men, the mission is over!

Battle won

• Victory is ours!
• Great job, men!
• Mission accomplished!
• We've won!